Taming Dogs and Humans - Instrumental Learning
Influencing Human Behavior Like Training a Dog Shaping is a learning procedure. In this learning procedure, initially, rewards are given for any behavior similar to the target behavior; then, the standard is gradually raised, and rewards are given only for behaviors that are increasingly similar to the target behavior; finally, rewards are given only when the target behavior actually occurs. Some teachers apply this instrumental behavior shaping method in daily teaching. For example, when training students to think about problems, initially, regardless of what answer the student gives, the teacher gives verbal praise for the behavior of raising their hand bravely; then, rewards are selectively given for increasingly better answers. ...