The brain’s tendency to resist change also leads people to prefer keeping certain things as they are: previous conclusions, loyalty, identity, social roles, and so on.

If the tendency to avoid doubt, combined with the tendency to reject a decision once it has been made, is allowed to operate, it will cause modern people’s cognition to develop numerous errors. And the actual situation confirms this. We have all dealt with many obstinate people who cling stubbornly to the erroneous ideas they formed in childhood, refusing to let go even when they enter the grave.

New ideas are difficult to accept not because they are inherently too complex. They are rejected because they are inconsistent with existing old ideas. Professor Keynes’s implication is that: The way the human brain and the human egg operate are very similar. When a sperm enters an egg, the egg automatically activates a closed mechanism to prevent other sperm from entering. The human brain strongly tends toward the same result. Therefore, people tend to accumulate a large number of rigid conclusions and attitudes, and they rarely check them, much less change them, even when there is abundant evidence showing them to be wrong.