Fallacy of Assertion: In this fallacy, the assertion provides insufficient evidence or support, merely stating a fact as a declaration. For example: “Everyone knows I am the smartest person.”
Fallacy of Causation: This fallacy lies in incorrectly assuming a causal relationship between two events. For example: “I ate strawberry ice cream, so it caused the weather to get cold.” This fallacy ignores other factors that might influence the weather.
Ad Hominem Fallacy: In this fallacy, the arguer of the point is attacked, rather than engaging in a rational debate about the point itself. For example: “This plan is unwise because it was proposed by a stupid person.”
Appeal to Emotion: In this fallacy, one attempts to persuade people to accept a certain argument by evoking emotion rather than logic and evidence. For example: “Support this policy, let’s create a better future together.”
Appeal to Invalid Authority: In this fallacy, one attempts to use invalid or irrelevant authority to support the argument. For example: “Celebrity X likes this product, so it must be good.”
Hasty Generalization: This fallacy lies in drawing overly broad conclusions based on limited evidence or samples. For example: “I saw two people who didn’t like this movie, so everyone won’t like it.”
False Analogy: In this fallacy, one supports the argument by making an inappropriate or unsuitable comparison. For example: “Feeding vegetables to children is like feeding them to pets; both are for their own good.”
Chain of Fallacy: In this fallacy, a false premise leads to a series of false conclusions. For example: “If we don’t change the education system, our economy will collapse; if the economy collapses, our society will collapse; therefore, we must change the education system.” There is no reasonable logical connection between the premise and the conclusion here.
Metaphysical Fallacy: In this fallacy, an incorrect conclusion is drawn starting from the meaning of language or words. For example: “Money is a form of energy, so if I have enough money, I can control everything.”
Appeal to Ignorance: In this fallacy, one believes that because something cannot be proven true or false, it must be either true or false. For example: “No one can prove the existence of aliens, so aliens must exist.”
False Dilemma (or Either/Or Fallacy): In this fallacy, the issue is simplified to only two choices, while ignoring other possible options. For example: “You either support Party A or support Party B; there are no other choices.”
False Continuum (or Continuum Fallacy): In this fallacy, one incorrectly assumes that there is infinite continuity between two extremes, while ignoring possible middle ground. For example: “If you don’t agree with my view 100%, then you are against me.”
Fallacy of Composition and Fallacy of Division: This fallacy involves applying the characteristics of the individual to the entire group, or applying the characteristics of the group to each individual. For example: “The football team of this school is strong, so every student in this school is an excellent athlete.”
Gambler’s Fallacy: This fallacy incorrectly assumes that there is a necessary balance between random events, believing that previous results will influence future results. For example: “Five heads appeared consecutively when tossing a coin, so the next one must be tails.”
Fallacy of Past Belief: In this fallacy, one believes that past beliefs or views must be correct. For example: “Our ancestors believed the Earth was flat, so the Earth must be flat.”
Fallacy of Assuming the Conclusion: In this fallacy, the conclusion is used as a premise to support one’s own argument. For example: “This book is the Bible of truth, because everything it says is truth.”
Fallacy of Self-Contradiction (or Contradictory Premises): In this fallacy, the premises of the argument contradict each other, leading to an invalid conclusion. For example: “I will never lie, but right now I am lying.”
Fallacy of Loaded Question: In this fallacy, the question itself is misleading, making it difficult for the respondent to answer without falling into a trap. For example: “When will you stop hitting your wife?”